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Toxicants usually appear in only small numbers of cells of the brain, so one cannot use bulk chemistry to detect them due to the dilution effect of the non-toxicant containing cells

Inhibiting glycolysis through hexokinase knockdown in preclinical models acutely attenuated microglial activation and proinflammatory cytokine release after ischemic injury [65]

2016, 2016, pp

In some embodiments, modulation of monocyte and/or macrophage inflammatory phenotype can produce a desired modulated immune response, such as modulation of abnormal monocyte migration and proliferation, unregulated proliferation of tissue-resident macrophages, unregulated pro-inflammatory macrophages, unregulated anti-inflammatory macrophages, an unbalanced distribution of pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory macrophage subpopulations in a tissue, an activation state of monocytes and macrophages abnormally employed in a disease condition, modulated cytotoxic T cell activation and function, overcoming cancer cell resistance to therapy, and cancer cell sensitivity to immunotherapy (e.g., immune checkpoint therapy)

10.1186/s40168-017-0293-3 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar] Tanelian A., Nankova B., Cheriyan A., Arens C., Hu F., Sabban E