While the formation of 5-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)--valerolactone from (+)-catechin by intestinal bacteria has already been described by Das ( Eggerthelia lenta and Adlercreutzia equolifaciens species, followed by activities of Flavonifractor plautii strains ( 2 , with monomers being linked via a single interflavan bond, are more readily cleaved compared to A-type procyanidins with two interflavan bonds ( After intake of Pycnogenol , the microbial metabolites 5-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)--valerolactone (previously also named -(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)--valerolactone or M1) and 5-(3- methoxy-,4-hydroxyphenyl)--valerolactone (previously also called -(3- methoxy-,4-hydroxyphenyl)--valerolactone or M2) were identified in urine samples of a volunteer as phase II conjugates (
Neuroendocrinology Letters
Bila dos terlalu tinggi atau dicampur dengan bahan terlarang, risiko kepada hati, buah pinggang dan kulit sendiri boleh jadi teruk
Speaking of repetitive thoughts and actions
Legitimate Research Directions: Some peptides DO have potential and are being properly studied: Thymosin Alpha-1: Immune support (approved in 35+ countries, trials in US) BPC-157: IF proper human trials ever happen LL-37: Antimicrobial applications Others: Many peptides have theoretical promise But ONLY if studied properly: Randomized controlled trials Safety studies FDA approval process Medical supervision The Problem: Most "wellness peptides" will NEVER go through this process because: They can't be patented (no profit incentive) Companies would rather sell in gray market Proper trials cost $100M+ If trials show they DON'T work, the market disappears So we're stuck in limbo: promising animal data, zero human data, aggressive marketing
