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Why Cotinine Is Preferred Stable : Lingers in the body longer than nicotine Reliable : Directly tied to the amount of nicotine absorbed Specific : Doesnt appear in the body unless theres nicotine exposure Other options like anabasine or nicotine itself are harder to measure and clear too quickly to be useful for most testing

Large scale, well-designed epidemiological studies consider this possible reverse causality by, for example, excluding the first few years of follow-up data (Banks et al., 2015

21 * See Dai et al , 2022 21 for the 95% uncertainty intervals associated with each mean risk value and for a more comprehensive list of health outcomes Based on a highly conservative interpretation of evidence that accounts for heterogeneity between studies and other forms of uncertainty (i.e

A lot of times cigars get very harsh at that point, but this one didnt

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